S2

S2 Vocab

1. Fuhrerprinzip - The idea that certain people were born to rule, under the ideology of social darwinism, coined by Hermann von Keyserling. This ideology was a major method used by Hitler to consolidate power. This thought process is very similar to how Russia’s tsars claimed that it was their god-given right to supremely lead Russia.
2. Ubermensch - “Super Man” in German. It was a symbol of Germany’s pride and strength during World Wars I and II. This is similar to how Stalin used propaganda to make himself seem bigger than he was.
3. Volk/Volksgemeinschaft - “People’s community” in English, originated during World War I to rally people together for the common good. This was employed by Hitler as a method of bringing the people together under his rule. This is in many ways similar to how the Russian tsars brought the people to communism.
4. Lebensraum - Comprises policies and practices of settler colonialism which Germany used from the 1890s to the 1940s.
5. Pan-Germanism/Herrenvolk - Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German and possibly also Germanic-speaking peoples in a single nation-state. This ideology became increasingly dominant in Germany during Hitler’s rise to power. This theology was shared with Russia during its revolutionary years.
6. Social Darwinism - The idea that one race is inherently superior to another. This perspective was adapted from biological darwinism, which was developed by Charles Darwin, initially intended for assessment of animals. This ideology was used in many countries to justify racism in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as Germany during Hitler’s rise to power. This served as one of Hitler’s methods of pitting the aryan race against the jews, and building his support. This is comparable to serfdom in Russia.
7. Aryan - Referring to the white people in Germany. The term Aryan has generally been used to describe the Proto-Indo-Iranian language root *arya which was the ethnonym the Indo-Iranians adopted to describe Aryans. This term is antonymical to Serfs in Russia.
8. Reich - Means “realm” in German. It was used to define Hitler’s plan for Germany, in which he plotted to rise the “third reich”, which would last 1,000 years. This is similar to the Tsars’ plans for Russia during their times of power.
9. Blut und Boden - Nationalist slogan expressing Nazi Germany's ideal of a “racially” defined national body (“blood”) united with a settlement area (“soil”). This slogan was used to promote racial purification in Germany. Also, a similar viewpoint was employed by the Russian leaders to eradicate the Jews.
10. Anti-Semitism - A hate or fear of the Jews. This was a characteristic of Hitler. Also, the Russian tsars used this ideology.
11. Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service - Law passed by the National Socialist regime of Germany on 7 April 1933, two months after Adolf Hitler had attained power. This law brought many of Hitler’s ideas into action throughout Germany. Also, Russian Tsars opened their powerful reigns with laws similar to this.
12. Schutzstaffel/SS - “Protection Squadron” was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II. This was used to carry out Hitler’s bidding.
13. Hermann Goering - a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP), which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was wounded in the Beer Hall Putsch. He supported Hitler’s ideals, and those can be paralleled to the ideals of Mussolini in Italy.
14. Law to Ensure the Unity of Party and State - Largely a response to disorder and dissent in the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party and State was passed in December 1933. This law was crucial to the rise of Nazi and is comparable to how Stalin consolidated power.
15. Night of the Long Knives - an event in which Hitler ordered his SS soldiers to assassinate the leaders of the parliamentary SA. This event is a demonstration of Hitler’s method for consolidation. As he wanted to have full control of the government without any opposition, he eliminated the leaders of his only competition. The parliamentary SA is considered a condition during this time of consolidation. The effect of this event was Hitler gaining more power. This is significant because it allowed Hitler to ban the Communists from the Reichstag.
16. Heinrich Himmler - a strong leader of the SS/NSDAP. Hitler has appointed him in 1929. He set up/organized the Nazi concentration camps. Himmler utilized his power and relations to Hitler to gain respect. He was also appointed as a military commander during the war. This power was easily obtained, given that there were very few opposing forces besides political which can be analyzed as a condition. Abusing the lack of other powers as a method by Himmler, he was able to continue the concentration camps long enough for 6 million jews to be killed.
17. Ernst Rohm - Ernst Rohm was a military commander and a former leader of the Nazi party. Later on he built up with the SA to gain power; however, Hitler saw this as a threatening condition and assassinated him. The significance of this is that it proves several kinds of external forces will rise up against him, and with that, arise many conflicts.
18. The SA - abbreviation of Sturmabteilung or Assault Division. The SA was an opposing power to Hitler’s SS being a condition. The Nazi party utilized their support and power to challange Hitler in power as their method to police ssibly consolidate power. This idea can be comparable to the multitude of Russian political parties emerging to consolidate the government.
19. Paul Joseph Goebbels - a German Nazi politician and Reich minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945. Goebbels was used as a method by Hitler to aid in his consolidation of power. He can be connected to the Fascist party in Russia, utilizing propaganda to help a leader.
20. Prussian Junkers - members of the landed nobility in russia. The methods this conveys are that members that have money have a greater say and a majority support Hitler and his ideology. This creates less tension as a condition.
21. Gestapo - the police force working for Hitler during the Holocaust. The Gestapo was a method used by Hitler to aid his party were authoritarian power. This is comparable to the Cheka in Russia.
22. Volksempfanger/people’s receiver - This device is a radio receiver, a method used for quicker communication between the higher authorities as well as increasing the economy by adding them to the market. This is both a method and condition as putting them out helps Germany get money and be more aware of the occurrences in Germany.
23. Triumph of the Will - A film by Leni Riefenstahl. This was another propaganda method. It displayed the Anti-sematic Nazi soldiers as beneficial.
24. White Rose - The White Rose was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in the Third Reich led by a group of students and a professor at the University of Munich. The group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign that called for active opposition to the Nazi regime. This method for opposition was significant because it was one of the few opposition groups that weren’t terminated at the start.
25. Edelweiss Pirates - a loosely organized group of youth in Nazi Germany. They emerged in western Germany out of the German Youth Movement of the late 1930s in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth. Their methods were to allow more ways of freedom and safety. This creates the condition of decreasing population.
26. Dietrich Bonhoeffer - Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, and key founding member of the Confessing Church. His writings on Christianity's role in the secular world have become widely influential, and his book The Cost of Discipleship has been described as a modern classic.
27. July Bomb Plot of 1944 - On July 20, 1944, during World War II (1939-45), a plot by senior-level German military officials to murder Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and then take control of his government failed when a bomb planted in a briefcase went off but did not kill the Nazi leader. This method is effective during the time as there was no counter-attack or defense.